1st Century Event
- Early 1st century – Augustus of Primaporta, (perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca. 20 BC), is made. It is now kept in Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome.
- Early 1st century – Gemma Augustea is made. It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
- Early 1st century – House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, is built. Excavated in 1893, the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy's King Humbert and his wife, Margherita of Savoy, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii.
- Early 1st century - Inner shrine, Ise, Mie, Mie Prefecture, is built. Yayoi period.
- AD 1: Lions became extinct in Western Europe.
- AD 2: First census of China, the census is one of the most accurate in Chinese history.
- AD 6: Census of Quirinius.
- AD 7: Prince Cunobeline of Catuvellauni defeats the Trinovantes in England and establishes his capital at Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester).
- AD 9: Three Roman legions were ambushed and destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius.
- AD 9: Prince Cunobeline is crowned King of Catuvellauni, his Kingdom dominates Southern England.
- AD 9 – 23: Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China.
- AD 9 – 23: Xin dynasty.
- AD 14: Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome, dies. His adopted son, stepson and son-in-law Tiberius is his successor.
- AD 25: The Han dynasty is restored by Liu Xiu who proclaims himself Emperor Guangwu of Han.
- AD 28 – 75: Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China.
- Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe, among others.
- c. AD 29: Jesus begins his ministry (traditional date).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
- c. AD 33: The Crucifixion of Jesus (traditional date).[9][10][11]
- c. AD 33 – 36: Conversion of Paul the Apostle.[12][13][14]
- AD 40: Succession crisis erupts at King Cunobeline's court and his exiled younger son Prince Adminius flees to the court of Caligula in Rome.
- AD 40: Emperor Caligula plans to invade Britain, but forgets to bring an army, he instead declares war upon the sea, whipping it and taking shells as prisoners.
- AD 40 – 43: Revolts erupts in Vietnam by the Trung sisters.
- AD 42: King Cunobeline dies, his son Caratacus becomes King. He and his brother conquer much of South-Eastern England, expanding territory into Atrebates, driving out King Verica. King Verica travels to Rome to the court of Claudius to help reclaim his throne.
- AD 43: Roman conquest of Britain begins. London is founded (although it could have existed centuries before this date).
- AD 44: Death of Herod Agrippa.
- AD 41 – 54: Rachias, an ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius.
- Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha's teachings, creating the Pali canon.
- The regions of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans, a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty.
- Tacitus mentions the Suiones, who will one day be called the Swedes.
- Kaundinya, an Indian brahmin marries Soma and establishes the pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan.
- The Goths settle in northern Poland, which they called Gothiscandza, and shape the Wielbark culture.
- c. AD 50: Christian Council of Jerusalem.
- Mid-1st century – Wall niche, from garden in Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, England.
- Mid-1st century – Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, is made.
- AD 58 – 88: Rule of Ming and Zhang.
- AD 60: Queen Boudica of The Iceni in England launches a rebellion against The Romans. Tens of thousands die and the Roman army is massively damaged. The Rebellion fails and Boadicea commits suicide by poisoning herself. Three major cities are obliterated.
- AD 64: Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome.
- AD 66 – 73: First Jewish-Roman War.
- AD 69: Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes in Northern England, is overthrown in a civil war. Her unpopular alliance with Rome, the betrayal of Caratacus and her love for someone other than her husband are the three reasons which led to her demise. The Action enraged the Romans so much that they conquered and annexed The Kingdom.
- AD 70: destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.
- AD 79: Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
- AD 80: The Colosseum is finished.
- Jewish Council of Jamnia.
- Spread of the Roman Empire, reaches largest size under Trajan.
- Late 1st century—Cityscape, detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
- The painting "Alexander the Great confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos", detail of mosaic floor decoration from Pompeii, Italy is made. It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC, perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt. It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy.
- Late 1st century – Bedroom, from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale is made. It is reconstructed with later furnishings at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
- Late 1st century – Seascape, detail of a wall painting from Villa Farnesina, Rome, is made.
- Late 1st century – Young Woman Writing, detail of a wall painting, from Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.
- Late 1st century – Mausoleum under Construction, relief from the tomb of the Haterius family, Via Labicana, Rome, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
- Late 1st century – Middle-Aged Flavian Woman, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
- c. Late 1st century-early 2nd century – Buddha and Attendants, from Katra Keshavdev, Mathura, Madhya Pradesh, India, is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Mathura Museum.
- 1st-2nd centuries - Tomb model of a house, is made. Eastern Han dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
2nd Century Event
- AD 96 – 180: Five Good Emperors of Rome: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius.[1]
- 100 - 200: The Grand Anicut an ancient dam is constructed by a Chola king.[2]
- The Kingdom of Aksum emerges.[3]
- 101 – 102, 105 – 106: The Dacian Wars. After two conflicts, Dacia is annexed as a Roman province.[4]
- 114 – 116: A war with Parthia results in Armenia and Mesopotamia being temporarily annexed into the Roman Empire.[5]
- 115 – 117: Kitos War, adjunct to the Jewish–Roman wars.
- 122 – 132: Hadrian's Wall across Northern England.
- 127 – 140: Kanishka, Kushan Ruler.
- 132 – 135: Bar Kokhba's revolt against Rome.
- 132: Chinese chronicles described the existence of diplomatic relations between Java and China.
- 140 – 180: Huvishka, Kushan ruler.
- 142 – 154: The Antonine Wall is built across central Scotland.
- 144: Marcion, rejected by Church of Rome, founds Marcionism.
- 161 – 166: Roman–Parthian War of 161–166.
- 165 – 180: The Antonine Plague in Rome.
- 166 – 180: Marcomannic Wars.
- 166 – 184: Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions.
- 180 – 192: Commodus, Roman Emperor.
- 184 – 205: The Yellow Turban Rebellion of the Han Dynasty in China begins.
- 184 – 189: The Liang Province Rebellion breakouts in Northwest China.
- 189 – 220: The End of the Han dynasty.
- 190 – 191: Warlords across China launches a Campaign against Dong Zhuo.
- 193: Roman Year of the Five Emperors.
- 193 – 211: Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor.
- Herakleitos makes The Unswept Floor, mosaic variant of a 2nd-century BC painting by Sosos of Pergamon. It is now kept at the Musei Vaticani, in Rome.
- c. 2nd or 3rd century – Standing Buddha, from Gandhara (Pakistan), is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Lahore Museum
3rd Century Event
- Early 3rd century – Burial in catacombs becomes common place.
- 208: the Chinese naval Battle of Red Cliffs occurs.[1]
- 211 – 217: Caracalla, Roman Emperor.
- 212: Constitutio Antoniniana grants citizenship to all free Roman men.
- 212 – 217: Baths of Caracalla.
- 220: The Han Dynasty comes to an end with establishment of the Three Kingdoms in ancient China.[2]
- 220 – 280: The Three Kingdoms period.[3]
- 222 – 235: Alexander Severus, Roman Emperor.
- 224: Ardashir I of the Sassanid dynasty conquers the Parthian empire at the Battle of Hormozdgān.
- 230 – 232: Sassanid dynasty of Persia launches a war to reconquer lost lands in the Roman east.
- 234: Zhuge Liang dies of illness at the standoff of Wuzhang Plains.
- 235 – 284: Crisis of the Third Century shakes Roman Empire.
- 241: The Kingdom of Araba dissolved after the Fall of Hatra to Persia
- 244: Battle of Xingshi in China.
- 258: Valerian's massacre of Christians.
- 260: Roman Emperor Valerian I is taken captive by Shapur I of Persia.
- 263: Cao Wei conquers the Shu Han Kingdom.
- 266: The Jin Dynasty is founded after the overthrow of the Cao Wei Dynasty by Sima Yan.
- 280: The Jin Dynasty reunites China under one empire after the conquest of Eastern Wu.
- 284 – 305: Diocletian, Roman Emperor.
- 291 – 306: The War of the Eight Princes, a civil war by the Sima Clan in China.
- 300 – 538: Kofun era, the first part of the Kofun period in Japan.
- Sarnath becomes a center of Buddhist arts in India.
- Diffusion of maize as a food crop from Mexico into North America begins.
- The Kingdom of Funan reaches its zenith.
- The Goths move from Gothiscandza to Ukraine, giving birth to the Chernyakhov culture.
- Menorahs and Ark of the Covenant, wall painting in a Jewish catacomb, Villa Torlonia (Rome), are made.
- The Coptic period begins.
- Siddhartha in the Palace, detail of a relief from Nagarjunakonda, Andhra Pradesh, India, is made (approximate date). Later Andhra period. The artwork is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
- Jonah Swallowed and Jonah Cast Up, two statuettes of a group from the eastern Mediterranean, probably Asia Minor, are made. Now kept at The Cleveland Museum of Art.
- The Magerius Mosaic is made.[4]
- Late 3rd century-early 4th century – Good Shepherd, Orants and Story of Jonah, painted ceiling of the Catacombs of Marcellinus and Peter in Rome, is made.
4th Century Event
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- Noba people settle in Africa.
- Early 4th century – Former audience hall now known as the Basilica, Trier, Germany, is built.
- 301: Armenia first to adopt Christianity as state religion.
- 306 – 337: Constantine the Great, ends persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire (see also Constantinian shift) and Constantinople becomes new seat of government (New Rome).
- 325 – 328: The Kingdom of Aksum adopts Christianity.
- 325: Constantine the Great calls the First Council of Nicaea to pacify Christianity in the grip of the Arian controversy.
- 335 – 380: Samudragupta expands the Gupta Empire.
- 337: Constantine the Great is baptized on his death bed.
- 350: About this time the Kingdom of Aksum conquers the Kingdom of Kush.
- 350 – 400: At some time during this period, the Huns began to attack the Sassanid Empire.[3]
- 350: The Kutai Martadipura phase in East Kalimantan produced the earliest known stone inscriptions in Indonesia.[4] (to 400)
- 365: an earthquake with a magnitude of at least eight strikes the Eastern Mediterranean. The following tsunami causes widespread destruction in Crete, Greece, Libya, Egypt, Cyprus, and Sicily.
- Mid-4th century – Dish, from Mildenhall, England, is made. It is now kept at The British Museum, London.
- Mid-4th century – Wang Xizhi makes a portion of a letter from the Feng Ju album. Six Dynasties period. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- 376: Visigoths appear on the Danube and are allowed entry into the Roman Empire in their flight from the Huns.
- 378: Battle of Adrianople: Roman army is defeated by the Visigoth cavalry. Emperor Valens is killed.
- 378 – 395: Theodosius I, Roman emperor, bans pagan worship, Christianity is made the official religion of the Empire.
- 378: Siyaj K'ak' conquers Waka on January 8.
- 378: Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal on January 16.
- 378: Siyaj K'ak' conquers Uaxactun.
- 381: First Council of Constantinople reaffirms the Christian doctrine of the Trinity by adding to the creed of Nicaea.
- 383: Battle of Fei River in China.
- 395: The Battle of Canhe Slope occurs.
- 395: Roman Emperor Theodosius I dies, causing the Roman Empire to split permanently.
- Late 4th century – See "The Historia" of Arbogast and Bauto.
- Late 4th century – Cubiculum of Leonis, Catacomb of Commodilla, near Rome, is made.
- Late 4th century – Atrium added in Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.
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5th Century Event
- 380 – 415: Chandragupta II reigns over the golden age of the Gupta Empire.
- 399 – 412: The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian sails through the Indian Ocean and travels throughout Sri Lanka and India to gather Buddhist scriptures.
- 401: Kumarajiva, a Buddhist monk and translator of sutras into Chinese, arrives in Chang'an
- Early 5th century – Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna, Italy, is built.
- 5th century - North Acropolis, Tikal, Guatemala, is built. Maya culture.
- 405: Mesrop Mashtots introduces number 36 of the 38 letters of the newly created Armenian Alphabet
- 406: The eastern frontier of the Western Roman Empire collapses as waves of Suebi, Alans, and Vandals cross the then frozen river Rhine near Mainz and enter Gaul.
- 407: Constantine III leads many of the Roman military units from Britain to Gaul and occupies Arles (Arelate). This is generally seen as Rome's withdrawal from Britain.
- 410: Rome ransacked by the Visigoths led by King Alaric.
- 411: Suebi establish the first independent Christian kingdom of Western Europe in Gallaecia.
- 413: St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, begins to write The City of God.
- 415 – 455: Kumaragupta, Gupta emperor
- 420: The Jin dynasty comes to an end by Liu Yu.
- 420 – 589: Northern and Southern dynasties in China.
- 426: K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' re-established Copan.
- 430: The Ilopango volcano erupts, thereby devastating the Mayan cities in present-day El Salvador.
- 431: First Council of Ephesus, the third ecumenical council which upholds the title Theotokos or "mother of God", for Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ.
- 439: Vandals conquer Carthage.
- At some point after 440, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain. The traditional story is that they were invited there by Vortigern.
- 450: Historical linguist Albert C. Baugh dates Old English from around this year.[1]
- 450: Several stone inscriptions were made witness to edicts from West Java. Amongst others, the Tugu inscription announced decrees of Purnavarman, the King of Tarumanagara, one of the earliest Hindu kingdoms of Java.[2] (up until the year 669)
- 451: Council of Chalcedon, the fourth ecumenical council which taught Jesus Christ as one divine person in two natures.
- 451: The Persians declare war on the Armenians.
- 451: The Huns under Attila facing the Romans and the Visigoths are defeated in the Battle of Chalons.[3]
- 452: The Metropolis of Aquileia is destroyed by Attila the Hun and his army.
- 452: Pope Leo I meets in person with Attila on the Mincio River and convinces him not to ransack Rome.
- 453: Death of Attila. The Hunnic Empire is divided between Atilla's sons.
- 454: Battle of Nedao. Germanic tribes destroy the main Hunnic army and do away with Hunnic domination.
- 455: Vandals sack Rome.
- 455: The city of Chichen Itza is founded in Mexico.
- 455 – 467: Skandagupta, the last great Gupta emperor
- 469: Death of Dengizich, last Khan of the Hunnic Empire.
- 470: Riothamus, King of the Britons, helps the Roman Emperor in Brittany against the Visigoths.
- 476: Deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer: traditional date for the Fall of Rome in the West.
- 477 or 495: Chan Buddhists found the Shaolin Monastery on Mount Song in Henan, China.
- 480: Assassination of Julius Nepos, the last de jure Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, in Dalmatia.
- 481: Clovis I becomes King of the Western Franks upon the death of Childeric I.
- 482: This year, the territory of modern Ukraine established Kiev. [4]
- 486: Clovis defeats Syagrius and conquers the last free remnants of the Western Roman Empire.
- 490: (approximate date) Battle of Mount Badon. According to legend, British forces led by Arthur defeated the invading Saxons.
- 491: King Clovis I defeats and subjugates the Kingdom of Thuringia in Germany.
- 493: Theodoric the Great ousts Odoacer to become King of Italy.
- 494: Northern Gaul is united under the Frankish King Clovis I, founder of the Merovingian dynasty.
- 496: Battle of Tolbiac. King Clovis subjugates the Alamanni, and is baptized as a Catholic with a large number of Franks by Remigius, bishop of Reims.
- Buddhism reaches Burma and Indonesia.
- African and Indonesian settlers reach Madagascar.
- The Hopewell tradition comes to an end in North America.
- Tbilisi was founded by King Vakhtang Gorgasali.
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