Century Events - 6th to 10th

6th Century Event 

This Buddhist stela from China, Northern Wei period, was built in the early 6th century.

• Early 6th century – Ah Suytok Tutul Xiu founds Uxmal.

Uxmal

• Early 6th century – Archangel Michael, panel of a diptych probably from the court workshop at Constantinople, is made. It is now kept at The British Museum, London.
• Early 6th century – Page with Rebecca at the Well, from "Book of Genesis", probably made in Syria or Palestine, is made. It is now kept at Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna.
• By 6th century – Shilpa Shastras is written.
• Early 6th century – first academy of the east the Academy of Gundeshapur founded in Iran by Khosrau I of Persia.
• Early 6th century – Irish colonists and invaders, the Scots, began migrating to Caledonia (later known as Scotland). Migration from south-west Britain to Brittany.
• Early 6th century – Glendalough monastery, Wicklow Ireland founded on St. Kevin. Many similar foundations in Ireland and Wales.
• Early 6th century – Zen Buddhism enters Vietnam from China.
• Early 6th century – Haniwa, from Kyoto, is made during the Kofun period
• Early 6th century – Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe's apse's mosaic is completed.
• 502: Chinese annals mentioned the existence of the Buddhist Kingdom, Kanto Lim in South Sumatra, presumably in the neighborhood of present-day Palembang.
• 507: Battle of Vouillé
• 518: Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I dies and is succeeded by Justin I.
• 522: Byzantines obtain silkworm eggs and begin silkworm cultivation
• c. 524: Boethius writes his Consolation of Philosophy.
• 525: Having settled in Rome c. 500, Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus invents the Anno Domini era calendar based on the estimated birth year of Jesus Christ.
• 527: Justinian I succeeds Justin I as Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.
• 529: Saint Benedict of Nursia founds the monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy.
• 532: Nika riots in Constantinople; the cathedral is destroyed. They are put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus; up to 30,000 people are killed in the Hippodrome.
• 535: Postulated volcanic eruption in the tropics which causes several years of abnormally cold weather, resulting in mass famine in the Northern Hemisphere. (See Extreme weather events of 535–536.)
• 537: Battle of Camlann, final battle of legendary King Arthur.
• 541–542: First pandemic of bubonic plague (Plague of Justinian) hits Constantinople and the rest of Byzantine Empire.
• 543/544: One of Justinian's edict leads to the Three-Chapter Controversy
• 545: Nubian Kingdom of Nobatia converts to Christianity.
• Mid-6th century – Cassiodorus founds a cenobitic monastery and scriptorium at Vivarium in Italy
• Mid-6th century – Buddhist Jataka stories are translated into Persian by order of the Zoroastrian king Khosrau.
• Mid-6th century – Cave-Temple of Shiva at Elephanta Caves, Maharashtra, India, is built. Post-Gupta period.
• Mid-6th century – Eternal Shiva, rock-cut relief in the Cave-Temple of Shiva at Elephanta Caves, is made
• Second half of 6th century – Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, icon, is made. It is now kept at Saint Catherine's Monastery, Egypt.
• 550: Kingdom of Funan dies out.
• 551: Bumin Khagan founded the Turkic Khaganate in the Central Asia
• 552: Buddhism introduced to Japan from Baekje during the Asuka period.
• 553: Second Council of Constantinople
• 554: Eviction of the Ostrogoths from Rome, and the re-unification of all Italy under Byzantine rule.
• 561 to 592: Buddhist monk Jnanagupta translates 39 sutras from Sanskrit to Chinese.
• 563: The monastery on Iona is founded by St. Columba.
• 566: Birth of Lǐ Yuān, founder of the Tang Dynasty and Emperor of China under the name of Gaozu (618-626)
• 568: Lombards invade Italy and establish a federation of dukedoms under a king.
• 569: Nubian kingdom of Alodia converts to Christianity.
• 569: Nubian kingdom of Makuria converts to Christianity.
• 570: Birth of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.
• 574: The Byzantine empire is invaded by various Slavs, the Balkans are plundered by the Slavs.
• 577: China's Chen Dynasty invents matches.
• 579–590: Reign of Persian Shah Hormizd IV.
• 582–602: Reign of Byzantine Emperor Maurice.
• 585: Suebian Kingdom conquered by Visigoths in Spain.
• 587: Reccared, king of the Visigoths in Spain, converts to Catholicism.
• 588: Shivadeva ascends the throne of the Lichchhavi dynasty in Nepal.
• 589: Third Council of Toledo adds the "filioque" clause to the Nicene Creed in Spain.
• 589: China reunified under the Sui Dynasty (589 – 618).
• 590: Gregory the Great succeeds Pope Pelagius II (who dies of plague) as the 64th pope.
• 594: Beginning of the Bengali Calendar or (বঙ্গাব্দ Bônggabdô or Banggabda).
• 595: Pope Gregory sends Roman monks led by Augustine to England.

7th Century Event 

Pages of a late 7th century Quran

An Anglo-Saxon helmet found at Sutton Hoo, probably belonging to Raedwald of East Anglia circa 625.

Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century. Horyu-ji temple, Japan.

• Islam begins in Arabia; the Quran is documented.
• The first known Croatian archon Porga establishes the Duchy of Croatia.
• The world's population shrinks to about 208 million people.^[1]
• The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.^[2]
• Sutton Hoo ship burial, East Anglia (modern England).
• Xuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning to Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
• Timgad, Algeria, is destroyed by Berbers.
• End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the Sindh.
• Croats enter their present territory early in the 7th century, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.
• Teotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.
• The religion of Shugendo evolves from Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan.
• The Bulgars arrive in the Balkans; establishment of the powerful Bulgarian Empire.
• Arab traders penetrate the area of Lake Chad.
• Earliest attested English poetry.
• Side panels, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, are made.
• Main compound, Horyu-ji, Nara Prefecture, is built. Asuka period.
• 7th and 9th century – Mosaics above apse, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, are made.
• 600: Smallpox spreads from India into Europe.
• 602: The Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the Early Lý dynasty.
• 603: Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.^[3]
• 606: Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of Pope Sabinian. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the Apostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the Bishop of Rome.
• 607: Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed by 607 in Ikaruga, Japan.
• 610: Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows East Roman Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the East Roman Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).
• 615: The Sassanid Empire under Shah Khosrau II sacks Jerusalem, taking away the relic of the True cross.^[2]
• 615: Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
• 616: Shah Chosroes II invades Egypt.^[2]
• 616: Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats the Welsh in a battle at Chester in England.
• 618: Tang Dynasty of China do initiated by Li Yuan.
• 618: The Chenla kingdom completely absorbed Funan.
• Guangzhou, China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from Egypt, East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia, including Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and Nestorian Christians.
• 622: Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijra occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.
• 623: The Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.
• 626: The Avars and the Persians jointly besiege but fail to capture Constantinople.
• 627: Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman-Persian Wars.
• 629: The Byzantine-Arab Wars begin. Much of the Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Khalid ibn al-Walid.
• 629–630: Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue, Chinese Tang Dynasty forces under commanders Li Jing and Li Shiji destroy the Göktürk Khanate.
• 632: The Muslim conquests begin.
• 635-649: Alopen, a Persian Christian priest introduces Nestorian Christianity into China.
• 636: Around this time the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the Islamic conquest of Persia, the Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas.
• 638: Emperor Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions; Nestorian Christians build a church in Chang'an.
• 638: Muslim conquest of Palestine.
• 639: Muslim conquest of Egypt and Armenia.
• 639: Unsuccessful revolt of Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China.
• 641: The Coptic period, in its more specific definition, ends when Islam is introduced into Egypt.
• 649-683: Chinese Emperor Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
• 650: The Khazar-Arab Wars begin.

The Tang Dynasty Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of Chang'an, built in 652, in modern-day Xi'an, China.

• Mid-7th century – Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
• Mid-7th century - Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb, Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Mexico City.
• c. mid-7th century – Dharmaraja Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India, is built. Pallava period.
• 651: Emperor Yazdgerd III is murdered in Merv, ending the rule of Sassanid dynasty in Persia (Iran).
• 656–661: The First Islamic civil war.
• 657: The Chinese Tang Dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats Western Turkic Kaganate.
• 658: Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century south-pointing chariot mechanical compass-vehicle for Emperor Tenji of Japan.
• 661: Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the Caliphate to Muawiyah I, marking the beginning of the Umayyad caliphate.^[2]
• 663: The Tang Dynasty of China and Korean Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean Baekje Kingdom and their Yamato Japanese allies in the naval Battle of Baekgang.
• 664: Conquest of Kabul by Muslims.
• 664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by I-tsing, mentioned about Holing (Kalingga) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.^[4]
• 668: The end of the Goguryeo-Tang Wars, as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
• 670: In 670 an Arab Muslim army under Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of Ifriqiya. In the late 670s conquest of North Africa was completed.
• 671: I-tsing visited Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.^[5]
• 674: The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins.
• 677: Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.
• 680: Decisive victory of the Bulgars over the Byzantines in the Battle of Ongal.
• 680: Battle of Karbala took place near Kufa, which resulted in the death of Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community.
• 681: Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire.
• 682: Revival of the Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of Ilterish Qaghan and Tonyukuk
• 683: Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as Telaga Batu inscription, Talang Tuwo inscription and Kedukan Bukit Inscription. The beginning of Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around Malacca strait and Sunda Strait.^[6]
• 683–685: The Second Islamic civil war.
• 686: Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in Kota Kapur Inscription. This likely contributed to the end of Tarumanagara kingdom.^[7]
• 687: I-tsing returned to Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.^[8]
• 688: Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians.
• 690: Pro-Buddhist imperial consort Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China.
• 691: Buddhism is made the state religion of China.
• 698: The Arabs capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire.
• 698: Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China
• 698: North South States Period begins in Korea.
• 700: The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.
• 700: The Sumatra-based Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.^[9] (to 1500)
• 700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.^[10]
• 700: The Sojomerto inscription, possibly dated around late 7th century, is discovered in Batang, Central Java. It mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of Sailendra dynasty. The inscription was written in Old Malay, suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.^[11]

8th Century Event 

• Estimated century in which the poem Beowulf is composed.
• Classical Maya civilization begins to decline.
• The first Serbian state is formed at the beginning of the century.
• Borobodur, the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure, begins construction, probably as a non-Buddhist shrine.

Borobudur in Indonesia

• Buddhist Jataka stories are translated into Syriac and Arabic as Kalilag and Damnag.
• An account of Buddha's life is translated into Greek by Saint John of Damascus, and widely circulated to Christians as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat.
• Height of the Classic period in pre-Columbian Maya civilization history.
• Śāntideva, a Buddhist monk at Nalanda Monastery in India, composes the famous Bodhicharyāvatāra, or Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life.
• The height of the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in Xian, China is extended by 5 stories.
• 701: The Taihō Code is enacted in late Asuka period Japan.
• 705: Overthrow of Empress Wu Zetian, the reign of China's first and only sole-ruling empress ends.
• 705: Justinian II is forced to give the title Caesar of Byzantium to the Bulgarian Emperor Tervel. The Byzantine Empire begins to pay annual tributes to Bulgaria.
• 708 – 711: The Bulgarians defeat Justinian II at the battle of Anchiallus. Arab armies occupied Sindh.^[1]
• 710: Empress Genmei moves the capital to Heijō-kyū (present day Nara), initiating the Nara period of Japan.
• 711: Palenque is conquered by Toniná.

A prisoner from Palenque in Toniná

• 711: Tariq ibn Ziyad crosses the Straits of Gibraltar.^[1] With the creation of Al-Andalus, most of the Iberian Peninsula is conquered by Arab and Berber Muslims, thus ending the Visigothic rule, and beginning almost eight centuries of Muslim rule.
• 712: Liutprand, King of the Lombards begins his reign (until 744).
• c. 712: Metropolitan episcopal see is established by the Church of the East in Chinese capital of Chang'an.
• 712 – 756: Emperor Xuanzong reigned, the time was considered one of China's high points.
• 712 – 740: Caliphate campaigns in India
• 713: Death of Dajian Huineng, sixth and last Patriarch of Chán Buddhism.
• 717 – 718: Siege of Constantinople. The Bulgarians and the Byzantines decisively defeat the invading Arabs, thus halting the Arab advance toward Europe.
• 718: Sri Indravarman King of Srivijaya send a letter to the Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East.^[2]
• 726: Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian destroys the icon of Christ above the Chalke Gate in the capital city of Constantinople, beginning the first phase of the Byzantine Iconoclasm.
• 731: Bede completes his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People).^[3]
• 732: Battle of Tours. Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men defeat a large army of Moors under the governor of Cordoba, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, who is killed during the battle. The Battle of Tours halts the advance of Islam into Western Europe and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire.
• 732: The Sanjaya dynasty is founded around this time according to the Canggal inscription.^[4]

An 8th-century Tang dynasty Chinese clay figurine of a Sogdian man (an Eastern Iranian person) wearing a distinctive cap and face veil, possibly a camel rider or even a Zoroastrian priest engaging in a ritual at a fire temple, since face veils were used to avoid contaminating the holy fire with breath or saliva; Museum of Oriental Art (Turin), Italy.^[5]

• 738: Quiriguá declares independence from Copan
• 740: Battle of Akroinon. Byzantines win their first large-scale victory in a pitched battle against the Arabs.
• 742: For the municipal census of the Tang-dynasty Chinese capital city Chang'an and its metropolitan area of Jingzhou Fu (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of Tang records that in this year there were 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons.
• 748: The Chinese Buddhist monk Jian Zhen writes in his Yue Jue Shu of the international sea traffic coming to Guangzhou, ships from Borneo, Persia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and others bringing tons of goods.
• 750: The last Umayyad Caliph Marwan II (744–750) is overthrown and executed by the first Abbasid Caliph, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. The Caliphate is moved to Baghdad which would later develop into a centre of trade and culture. The Ghana Empire begins in western Africa.
• mid-8th century - Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an, Shanxi, is rebuilt.
• c. mid-8th century - Camel Carrying a Group of Musicians, from a tomb near Xi'an, Shanxi, is made. Tang dynasty. It is now kept at Museum of Chinese History, Beijing.
• 751: Arabian armies defeat Chinese Tang dynasty troops in the Battle of Talas, in the high Pamirs near Samarkand, and conquer Central Asia completely.
• 752: The Hindu Medang (Mataram) kingdom flourishes and declines.^[6] (to 1045)
• 755 – 763: The An Shi Rebellion devastates China during the mid Tang dynasty.
• 757: King Offa of Mercia becomes dominant ruler in England.
• 758: Arab and Persian pirates and travelers burn and loot the Chinese city of Guangzhou, while the Tang Dynasty authorities shut the port down for the next five decades.
• 760: The construction of Borobudur started.^[7]
• 768: Pepin dies; Charles becomes king at Noyan and his brother Carloman becomes king at Soissons.
• 770's – 780's: Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by Sailendran-Srivijayan Maharaja Dharmasetu or Dharanindra.^[8]
• 772 – 804: Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling the Saxons for more than thirty years and finally crushing their rebellion, incorporating Saxony into the Frankish Empire and the Christian world.
• 778: Kalasan temple constructed according to Kalasan inscription.
• 781: Nestorian Monument is erected in China.
• 782: Buddhist monk Prajna reaches Chang'an and translates the sutras into Chinese.
• 785: The Tang dynasty begins landing regular maritime missions on the coast of East Africa, cutting out middlemen Arab sea merchants.
• 785 – 805: Chinese geographer Jia Dan describes large lighthouse pillars built in the Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by al-Mas'udi and al-Muqaddasi.
• 787: The Empress Irene of Athens convenes the Seventh Ecumenical Council, ending the first phase of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
• 792: Battle of Marcelae. The Bulgarian victory over the Byzantines marks the end of the half-century political instability in Bulgaria.
• 792: The Manjusrigrha (Sewu) temple is completed according to Manjusrigrha inscription.
• 793: The first written account of a Viking raid carried out on the abbey of Lindisfarne in northern England.
• 793: The Frisian–Frankish wars come to an end with the last uprising of the Frisians.
• 794: Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to Heian-kyō (present day Kyoto), initiating the Heian period of Japan.
• 800: Beginning of the ancient West African state of Takrur or Tekrour, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire.
• 800: On Christmas Day, Charlemagne is crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.
• 800: The agriculturally based Buddhist Sailendra kingdom flourishes and declines.^[4] (to 832)

9th Century Event 

Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 9th century.

Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 9th century.

• An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era.
• Beowulf might have been written down in this century; alternatively, it could also have been in the 8th century.
• Reign of Charlemagne, and concurrent (and controversially labeled) Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
• Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
• Oseberg ship burial.
• The Magyars begin their conquest of Pannonia (roughly modern day Hungary), a process that will take several decades to be completed.
• The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley.
• Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar.
• 800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III.
• 800: Charlemagne expands the Frankish state and founds the Carolingian Empire. He rules over the empire for 14 years.
• 800: An Arab fleet sails up the Tiber.
• 800 – 909: Rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.
• 802: Jayavarman II of the Khmer people in Cambodia founds the Khmer empire and establishes the Angkorian dynasty.
• 803: Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
• 805 - 820: Tang Dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
• 809 – 815: War between the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria.
• 811: Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I and a Bulgarian army commanded by Khan Krum. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, culminating with the death of Nicephorus I.
• 813: Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgars at Versinikia.
• 813: China is reunited.^{[clarification needed]}
• c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
• 814: Charlemagne dies in the city of Aachen.
• 815: A 30-year peace agreement is signed between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire.
• 820: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī writes his treatise on Algebra The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing.
• 824: Han Yu dies.
• 825: Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Mercia and establishes the kingdom of Wessex as the supreme Kingdom in England.
• 825: Borobudur is completed during the reign of Samaratungga.^[2][3]

Borobudur was likely founded around 800.^[4] This corresponds to the period between 760 and 830, the peak of the Sailendra dynasty in central Java,^[5] when it was under the influence of the Srivijayan Empire. The construction has been estimated to have taken 75 years and been completed during the reign of Samaratungga in 825.^[2][3]

• 827 – 902: Aghlabid dynasty colonises emirates in Sicily and subsequently raids Southern Italy.
• 830: The Ghana (Wagadu) Empire is established.
• 830: The House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute established in Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to Muslim world. The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, a book of algebra, is also written there by Al-Khwarizmi.
• 835: Sweet Dew Incident occurs. Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot is foiled.
• 839-842: Vlastimir defeats Presian.
• 840: Death of Louis the Pious.
• 841: Dublin is founded on the east coast of Ireland by the Vikings.
• 842: Samaale becomes chief of the Hashiyah clan and launches the conquest of Somalia. This paves the way for Hashiyic colonisation of the Peninsular, displacing the native cushitic peoples of Somalia
• 843: The Carolingian Empire is at its height in territory and area.^[6] The three sons of Louis the Pious reach an agreement known as the Treaty of Verdun and split the Carolingian empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis the German, West Francia to Charles the Bald and Middle Francia to Lothair I.
• 845: Buddhism is persecuted and banned in China.
• 846 - 859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang reigned. He was considered^{[by whom?]} the last capable emperor of the Tang dynasty.
• 846: 11,000 Saracen Arab squadrons from Africa, with 500 horses, desecrate Christian shrines in Rome, including the tombs and basilicas of Sts. Peter and Paul.
• 848 – 852: The west bank of the Tiber is annexed into the city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City as a defensive response to the Saracen desecration of Rome in 846.
• 850 – 875: The first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland.
• 851: The Arab merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration functioned.
• 856: Prambanan is completed.^[7] According to the Shivagrha inscription, Rakai Pikatan — the husband of Pramodhawardhani — defeated Balaputra.
• 859: Muslims establish the University of Al Karaouine as a madrasa in Fez, Morocco.
• 860: Balaputra, the maharaja of Suvarnadvipa and the ruler of Srivijaya, constructs the Buddhist temple and monastery in Nalanda India, on the land given by King Devapaladeva. of Pala in Benggala, according to the Nalanda inscription.^[8]
• 862: The beginning of the Rurik Dynasty in Rus'.
• 863: The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
• 862: The Bagratuni Dynasty of Medieval Armenia begins with Ashot I.
• 863 – 879: Period of schism between Eastern and Western churches.
• 864: Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I
• 867: Onward revival of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty.
• 868: Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from the Abbasid Caliphate and establishes the independent Tulunid dynasty.
• 869: An earthquake and tsunami struck Japan's Sanriku coast, killing 1,000 people.
• 870: Christianization of the Serbs.
• 870: Prague Castle founded.
• 871 – 899: Reign of Alfred the Great, first king of the English.
• 875 – 884: Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang Dynasty in China.
• 878: Battle of Ethandun results in the victory of Alfred the Great over the Danish warlord Guthrum.
• 885: Arrival of the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria. Development of the Cyrillic Alphabet.
• 888: The Carolingian Empire declines and falls after the death of Charles III.
• 893: Council of Preslav - Vladimir-Rasate is dethroned and succeeded as Prince of Bulgaria by Simeon I; the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav; the Byzantine clergy is expelled and replaced by Bulgarian; Old Bulgarian becomes the official language of the country.
• 895/896: The year of the Magyars arrival in Pannonia. This year is widely accepted as the beginning of the Hungarian "Landtaking"* Late 9th century: Bulgaria stretches from the mouth of the Danube to Epirus and Bosnia.
• In Italy, some cities became free republics: for instance Forlì, in 889.
• The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. (Early history of Sudan).
• Harald Fairhair was victorious at the battle of Hafrsfjord, and Norway was unified into one kingdom.
• Chess reaches Japan.
• The Medieval Warm Period begins.
• The Coptic period, at its most broad definition, ends.
• Page from Koran (Surah II:286 and title Surah III) in kufic script, from Syria, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
• 899: King Alfred the Great of Wessex, First King of The English, dies.
• Late 9th century – Pallava dynasty ends in Southern India.
• Late 9th century - Womb World mandala, To-ji, Kyoto, is made. Heian period.
• 9th – 10th century – Bowl with kufic border, from Samarkand, Uzbekistan, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
• Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Kavi script, inscribed in Luzon, Philippines, dated Saka year 822 (900)

10th Century Event 

This statue of a yogini goddess was created in Kaveripakkam in Tamil Nadu, India, during the 10th century.

• The beginning of the Medieval Warm Period
• The Byzantine empire reaches the height of its military and economic strength

Africa[edit]

• c. 909: The Fatimid Caliphate arises in eastern Algeria.
• c. 948: The Nri Kingdom in what is now Southeastern Nigeria starts.
• c. 980: Al-Azhar University is established in Cairo by the Fatimid dynasty.
• The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power (Early history of Sudan)

Americas[edit]

• Collapse of the central lowland Maya civilization. Post-Classic Maya period begins. Chichen Itza becomes a regional capital on the Yucatán Peninsula
• Rise of the Toltecs in Mexico
• Golden age of the Ancestral Puebloans (Pueblo II Era)
• The Mississippian culture begins in present-day Southern United States
• In 987 Ah Mekat Tutul Xiu unified Uxmal, Mayapan, and Chichen Itza founding The League of Mayapan.

Eurasia[edit]

• Khazar kingdom is attacked and defeated by Kievan Rus (965)

Asia[edit]

Divided China, 923

• Buddhist temple construction commences at Bagan, Burma
• In 907, Zhu Quanzhong deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes a new Later Liang dynasty.
• In 907, Sumbing volcano erupts, according to Rukam inscription.
• In 907, King Balitung creates the Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Medang kings, moves the capital from Mamrati to Poh Pitu, and expands Prambanan temple.
• In 910, Parantaka I of the Chola Dynasty drives out the Pandyan from southern India into Lanka (now Sri Lanka), which he also eventually conquers.
• In 914, The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali.^[3] (to 1080)
• In 919, the first use of gunpowder in battle occurs with the Chinese Battle of Langshan Jiang (Wolf Mountain River), where the Wuyue naval fleet under Qian Yuanguan defeats the Wu fleet. Qian had used flamethrowers ignited by gunpowder fuses to burn the Wu fleet.
• In 928, Ziyarid dynasty is established in northern Iran.
• In 928, During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Medang Kingdom in Mataram is devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi.
• In 929, Mpu Sindok moves the seat of power of the Medang Kingdom from Mataram in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and establishes Isyana Dynasty. The shift is probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.^[4]
• In 930s, Persian Shia Buyid dynasty establishes and controls central and western part of Iran as well as most of Iraq.
• In 936, Goryeo Dynasty unifies Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
• In 937, Mpu Sindok moves the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java.
• In 960, Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty.
• In 960 Seljuks convert to Islam.
• In 975, Ghaznavids dynasty, as the first Turk Sultanate, was established in Central Asia.
• In 979, Song dynasty reunites China.
• In 980's, Dynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas.
• Coastal cities on the Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded Malay kingdoms
• In 990, King Dharmawangsa of Medang kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. (to 1006)
• In 990, Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
• In 996, Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese.^[5]
• In 999, Samanid dynasty was defeated and conquered by Ghaznavids.

Europe[edit]

The Bulgarian victory at Anchialos.

Painting of Mieszko I of Poland (by Jan Matejko).

Painting of Volodymyr I of Kiev and Rohnida (by Anton Losenko).

• Viking groups settle in northern France
• 907: Loire Vikings overrun Brittany; Breton court flees to the England of Edward the Elder.
• The Norse become Normans
• The Hungarian army destroys the Bavarian forces under duke Liutpold and king Louis the Child in the Battle of Pressburg. All the German force is annihilated.
• 911: Rollo granted County of Rouen by France: official foundation of Normandy.
• Foundation of Cluny, first federated monastic order
• Emperor Simeon the Great solidifies the First Bulgarian Empire as one of the most powerful states in Europe
• In 917 (20 August 917) the Bulgarians destroyed the Byzantine army in the Battle of Anchialus, one of the bloodiest battles in the Middle Ages
• 927: official recognition of the first independent national Church in Europe, the Bulgarian Patriarchate
• 927: Kingdom of England becomes a unified state.
• c. 936: Gorm the Old becomes the first recognized king of Denmark, and thus the Danish Monarchy is founded.
• 936: Alan II, with support from Æthelstan, commences the reconquest of Brittany.
• 955 The Battle of Lechfeld (10 August 955) sees a decisive victory for Otto I the Great, King of the Germans, over the Hungarian harka Bulcsú and the chieftains Lél (Lehel) and Súr.
• Incursions of Magyar (Hungarian) cavalry throughout Western Europe (47 expeditions in Germany, Italy and France, 899–970)
• Mieszko I, first duke of Poland, baptised a Christian in 966
• Collapse of Great Moravia
• The medieval Croatian state becomes a unified kingdom under King Tomislav
• Swedish influence extends to the Black Sea
• Volodymyr I, Prince of Kievan Rus', baptised a Christian in 988
• Reindeer and bears become extinct in Britain
• Lions become extinct in Europe by this date, with the last dying in Caucasus.
• Second half of the 10th century – Page with David the Psalmist, from the Paris Psalter, is made. It is now kept at Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.
• Late 10th or early 11th century – Archangel Michail, icon, is made. It is now kept at Treasury of the Cathedral of Saint Mark, Venice